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Today:

1191 – The Battle of Arsuf: Richard I of England defeats Saladin during the Third Crusade.

1533 – Queen Elizabeth I of England is born in Greenwich.

1776 – World’s first submarine attack occurs when the American submersible *Turtle* attempts to attach a time bomb to British flagship *HMS Eagle*.

1812 – The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon Bonaparte’s French army wins a costly victory against Russian forces near Moscow.

1822 – Brazil declares independence from Portugal under Dom Pedro I.

1901 – The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.

1921 – The first Miss America pageant is held in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

1927 – Philo Farnsworth demonstrates the first fully electronic television system.

1940 – The Blitz begins as Nazi Germany launches a bombing campaign against London during World War II.

1977 – The United States agrees to transfer control of the Panama Canal to Panama, effective in 1999.