Today:
1529 – The Siege of Vienna ends as Ottoman forces withdraw, marking the end of Suleiman the Magnificent’s expansion into Europe.
1582 – The Gregorian calendar is introduced in Spain, Portugal, and parts of Italy, replacing the Julian calendar.
1783 – Frenchman Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier makes the first manned flight in a hot air balloon in Paris.
1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte begins his exile on the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic.
1863 – The H. L. Hunley, the first combat submarine, sinks during a test, killing its inventor Horace Hunley and seven other crew members.
1917 – Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari is executed by firing squad in France, accused of being a German spy during World War I.
1928 – The airship Graf Zeppelin completes its first transatlantic flight, landing in the United States from Germany.
1945 – Pierre Laval, former Prime Minister of Vichy France, is executed for treason after World War II.
1966 – The Black Panther Party is founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California.
1990 – Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in ending the Cold War.