Today:
1804 – Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of the French in a ceremony at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
1823 – President James Monroe outlined the Monroe Doctrine in his annual message to Congress, warning European nations against further colonization in the Americas.
1845 – President James K. Polk reaffirmed the Monroe Doctrine, asserting U.S. opposition to European influence in the Americas.
1859 – Abolitionist John Brown was hanged for treason, conspiracy, and murder in Charles Town, Virginia, following his raid on Harpers Ferry.
1908 – Pu Yi, at the age of two, was installed on the throne as the last Emperor of China under the Qing Dynasty.
1927 – Ford Motor Company unveiled the Model A as its new automobile, replacing the Model T.
1942 – The first controlled nuclear chain reaction was achieved by Enrico Fermi and his team at the University of Chicago as part of the Manhattan Project.
1954 – The United States Senate formally censured Senator Joseph McCarthy for conduct unbecoming a senator, effectively ending his influence.
1971 – The United Arab Emirates was established as a federation of seven emirates after gaining independence from the United Kingdom.
1988 – Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of a Muslim-majority country.
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