Today:
401 – Vandals, Alans, and Suebi tribes crossed the Rhine River, invading the Roman Empire’s territory in what is now modern Germany.
1216 – Pope Honorius III officially approved the Dominican Order, also known as the Order of Preachers.
1715 – James Stuart, the “Old Pretender,” landed at Peterhead, Scotland, in an attempt to reclaim the British throne for the Stuart dynasty during the Jacobite uprising.
1808 – Ludwig van Beethoven’s Fifth and Sixth Symphonies were premiered in Vienna during a legendary concert.
1851 – India’s first freight train ran from Roorkee to Piran Kaliyar, marking a milestone in the country’s railway history.
1885 – Itō Hirobumi became Japan’s first prime minister, serving as the head of the government in a modern parliamentary system.
1894 – The Dreyfus Affair began in France when Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason, sparking widespread controversy and antisemitism.
1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel connecting Manhattan to New Jersey opened to traffic, revolutionizing transit between the two regions.
1965 – The British and American governments announced a ten-year agreement for U.S. military bases in the United Kingdom.
1984 – Bernhard Goetz, a passenger on a New York City subway, shot four men who allegedly tried to mug him, igniting debates about self-defense and urban crime.
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