Today:
1377 – Pope Gregory XI returned the Papacy from Avignon to Rome, officially ending the Avignon Papacy.
1562 – The Edict of Saint-Germain was issued in France, granting limited tolerance to Protestants and temporarily ending the French Wars of Religion.
1608 – Emperor Susenyos was formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, beginning significant religious and political reforms.
1773 – Captain James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to cross the Antarctic Circle.
1811 – The Battle of Calderón Bridge occurred during the Mexican War of Independence, resulting in a victory for the Spanish royalists.
1873 – A group of Modoc warriors defeated the U.S. Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold during the Modoc War in California.
1893 – The Kingdom of Hawaii’s monarchy was overthrown by a group of American and European residents, leading to the eventual annexation by the United States.
1917 – The United States purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million in gold.
1945 – The Soviet Red Army liberated the city of Warsaw, Poland, from German occupation during World War II.
1991 – Operation Desert Storm began as coalition forces launched airstrikes against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait.
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