Today:
1303 – The English army, led by King Edward I, defeats the Scots at the Battle of Roslin during the First War of Scottish Independence.
1582 – Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar, which later replaces the Julian calendar in many countries.
1803 – The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison.
1821 – Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero agree to the Plan of Iguala, which sets the stage for Mexico’s independence from Spain.
1868 – Andrew Johnson becomes the first U.S. president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, though he is later acquitted in the Senate.
1920 – The Nazi Party (NSDAP) is founded in Germany, evolving from the German Workers’ Party.
1942 – The Battle of Los Angeles occurs when an unidentified flying object triggers an anti-aircraft artillery barrage over California, later attributed to war jitters.
1968 – The discovery of the first pulsar, a type of neutron star, is announced by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish.
1981 – Buckingham Palace announces the engagement of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer.
2022 – Russia launches a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, escalating the conflict that had begun in 2014.